In June 2025, the United Nations General Assembly convened a landmark high-level debate titled “A Second Chance: Addressing the Global Prison Challenge,” marking the 10th anniversary of the Nelson Mandela Rules. With prison systems worldwide facing unprecedented challenges, from overcrowding and poor conditions to soaring recidivism rates, this pivotal gathering brought together Ministers and senior officials to reimagine criminal justice approaches.

The debate addressed fundamental questions about strengthening prison management, meeting the specific needs of incarcerated women, reducing overreliance on imprisonment, and promoting community-based rehabilitation. Participants shared best practices and explored evidence-based strategies for transforming justice systems to prioritise rehabilitation over punishment, ultimately supporting safer communities and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Read the full concept note below: General Assembly High-level debate on “A second chance: addressing the global prison challenge.”