In 2022, human rights defenders (HRDs) around the world collectively inspired transformative change within their societies with bold, creative and peaceful human rights action. Despite an assault on human rights and the rule of law in many countries, HRDs showed remarkable courage and persistence in advocating for more democratic, just and inclusive societies. Across nearly all countries, human rights organisations, networks and social movements pushed back against deepening authoritarianism and closing civic space, mobilising for change while expanding collective voices and responding to the needs of the most marginalised and targeted communities. Even in the most violent contexts, feminist, women and LGBTIQ+ defenders repeatedly stood up for their communities and against discrimination, while strengthening their networks and forming broader alliances. Nevertheless, this steadfast and courageous defence of human rights often came at significant cost to HRDs.