Harm Reduction International: The data from 2025 marks the most brutal year for capital punishment since HRI began monitoring in 2007; a 97% surge in drug-related executions, with at least 1,212 executions for drug offences in 2025, up from 615 in 2024. Drug-related executions now account for nearly half of all confirmed executions worldwide.

Further, the death penalty continues to disproportionately impact foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and women. The report also highlights serious concerns about the role of international institutions and the continued use of punitive drug policies that undermine human rights.

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